本次的内容有篇“风险交代”(communicating risk),值得一看。另外,有研究再次证明进食黑巧克力确实有益于心血管疾病。
产科与生殖
系统性研究和荟萃分析:单次尿蛋白以及白蛋白/肌酐比值检测可疑先兆子痫患者大量蛋白尿和不良妊娠结局的效果[1]。结果发现蛋白/肌酐比值对于预测大量蛋白尿有很好的效果,但是如何用于临床,以及对其他不良妊娠结局的预测作用均没有充分证据。
美国辅助生育的大规模队列研究:对于合适的患者及胚胎特点,各种辅助生育技术的累积活产率可以接近正常生育水平的情况;年纪较大的女性如果用自体的卵子其活产率会低于年轻女性,但是如果用供卵其活产率则和年轻女性相似[2]。
NEJM的RCT研究:对于孕期没有接受抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)的新生儿,应用2-3种ART药物要优于叠氮胸苷单药治疗;双药治疗的毒性要小于三药[3]。
半阶乘RCT的一期研究:比较熊去氧胆酸和安慰剂,以及医源性早产和期待观察对于妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症的治疗[4]。结论还是初步的,熊去氧胆酸能显著改善瘙痒的情况,但医患接受的程度较低;早产处理似乎并不增加剖宫产率。
RCT研究:在母乳喂养暂时无法替代的地区,母婴进行预防性抗逆转录病毒治疗可以显著降低产后新生儿的感染率,但是产后6个月还不断奶,将显著增加感染率[5]。
评论:保证女性有权得到安全堕胎才是真正的“反堕胎”(pro-life)[6]。
普通妇科
NEJM多中心随机对照研究:没有SUI的前壁脱垂患者(337例)随机接受阴道修补+尿道中段吊带,或者阴道修补+术中佯装切口,结果发现术后3个月和12个月时前者发生尿失禁的比例显著降低,但是不良事件也随之增加(泌尿系感染,出血,排尿不尽等)[7]。
妇科肿瘤
英国一项社区为基础的队列研究:多个性伴侣是致癌性HPV感染的独立的高危因素,非疫苗的致癌性HPV感染是很常见的,因此HPV疫苗接种的女性仍应接受常规宫颈筛查[8]。
韩国的GOG应用回顾性研究设计了一项局灶晚期宫颈癌放化疗后远处转移的工具[9],结果发现四项参数与之显著有关:PET提示(1)盆腔和(2)腹主动脉旁淋巴结阳性,(3)非鳞癌的病理类型,以及(4)治疗前的SCC水平。
RCT研究:绝经后女性通过饮食、运动造成的体重下降可以显著降低血清中的雌激素和游离睾酮水平[10]。
多中心的一期药物临床:抗PD-L1抗体在晚期癌症患者中的活性和安全性[11]。程序死亡1(PD-1)蛋白是一种T细胞共抑制性受体,该蛋白及其配体PD-L1对于肿瘤细胞规避宿主的免疫反应作用重大。在该研究中,静脉输入抗PD-L1抗体对晚期癌症患者(其中卵巢癌17/207)表现了持久的客观肿瘤消退率(6-17%)和延长的疾病稳定性(24周时12-41%)。但是卵巢癌患者的反应并不很好。在另一项不包括卵巢癌患者的一期临床研究显示[12],肿瘤细胞的PD-L1表达和治疗的客观反应率存在相关性。
综述:儿童中铂类药物引发的毒性作用[13]。
其他
统计学文章:
l 观察性研究设计[14]。
l 泊松相关系数[15]。
l 什么是取样失误?[16]
l 开放性临床研究[17]。
l Lancet横断面研究:在苏格兰注册的314项医学实践中1,751,841例患者中,针对40种疾病的调查,23.2%的患者合并多种疾病[18]。在治疗、研究和医学教育中需要考虑到这种情况。
临床实践:
l 药疹[19]。
l 碳青霉烯类抗生素治疗严重感染[20]。
l NICE指南总结:静脉血栓性疾病的治疗和凝血指标的作用[21]。
l JAMA的患者页:失眠[22];对婴儿可能感染的评估[23];肾结石[24]。
l 接受慢性疼痛治疗患者的围手术期处理[25]。
l 虫咬和莱姆疏螺旋体病[26]。
l 食物传播的吸虫病的表现、诊断和处理[27]。
l 术后昏迷[28]。
l 超声引导的外周静脉穿刺[29]。
l 肾结石的碎石治疗[30]。
综述:
l 风险交代[31]。
l 霍乱[32]。
l 戊肝[33]。
l 人类的巴贝西虫病[34]。
Lancet的“自杀”系类讲座:
l 青少年中的自我伤害和自杀[35]。
l 年轻男性中的自杀情况[36]。
l 预防自杀的方法学限制[37]。
Lancet运动和锻炼医学系类讲座:
l 运动和锻炼对于全国健康的贡献[38]。
l 残奥会医学[39]。
Lancet关于锻炼活动(physical activity)的系列讲座:
l 体育锻炼的相关性:为什么有些人爱运动,有人不爱运动?[40]
l 全球运动水平[41]。
l 体育锻炼的循证干预[42]。
l 不爱锻炼的大流行——为了公共卫生的全球行动[43]。
l 全球体育锻炼在信息、交流技术和转输的变化大趋势的意义[44]。
前瞻性队列研究:
低碳水化合物-高蛋白饮食增加女性心血管疾病的风险[45]。
结肠镜筛查可显著降低结直肠癌的发病风险[46]。
前瞻性质量改善研究:约翰·霍普金斯医院静脉血栓多学科合作计划的成果[47]——利用电子计算机化临床支持工具可以提高成年患者静脉血栓风险分层和预防的效果。
利用Markov模型进行最佳情景分析(Best case scenario analysis):对于代谢综合征的患者,黑巧克力有降低血压和胆固醇含量[48]。
汇总分析:大剂量补充Vit D(≥800 IU/天)对于≥65岁有预防髋骨骨折和非脊柱骨折的作用[49]。
麻省总医院病例分析:
l 新生儿HSV感染[50]。
l 因为Roux-en-Y旁路手术引起的Wernicke脑病[51]。
随笔和诗歌
l 相信奇迹——作者作为一个医生,一直相信奇迹[52]。
l 致以赛亚——一位白血病患者[53]。
l 学会交谈[54]。
l 什么时候我不再审视自己——一位下颌骨折的儿科住院大夫在骨折后3天的思考[55]。
l 技术的代价——儿科的治疗[56]。原文配发了一张文中小女孩画的画。
l 奥林匹克的胜利[57]。
l JAMA每周一诗:画家心中的平静生活[58];家庭医生[59];等着手术[60];夜景,儿科肿瘤学[61]。
NEJM纪念创刊200年的述评:疾病的负担和医学任务的变化[62]。
引用文献
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